Wednesday, February 26, 2020

Developmental Delays in Children With CP - Ages 4 to 5 Years

Cerebral Palsy is a unique condition in that, even though its genesis frequently occurs prior to, during or soon after birth, the symptoms may not be enough for a diagnosis until the child is several years old and already in school. Some 1500 preschool age children receive a diagnosis of cerebral palsy each year in the United States. Only 10 percent of these children received their brain injury later than 1 month old from events such as physical abuse, a car accident, bacterial meningitis or infant stroke. Developmental or social delays may be the result of other conditions such as autism, Asperger's Syndrome, or ADHD.

Brain injury/damage occurring any time from fetus to a few years old can result in cerebral palsy, a condition that impairs the brains ability to effectively control muscles. Some of the conditions known to cause cerebral palsy include: untreated infections in the mother, substance abuse during pregnancy, physical abuse during pregnancy, premature births, lack of oxygen to the fetus, breech birth and head injuries during the birth process. Impairments associated with cerebral palsy are usually related to movement and speech, so mild cases may not provide diagnosable symptoms until years later.

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A typical 4-year old can stand on one foot, run up and down stairs, throw and kick balls and hop on one or both feet. Signs that a child of this age may be experiencing certain impairments in the development of motor skills can include not being able to throw a ball overhand, ride a tricycle, scribble, jump in place, grasp writing utensils, stack 4 or more objects or copy a circle.

By age five, children with developmental impairments may not be able to stack 6 to 8 objects, hold a drawing utensil comfortably, brush teeth, copy simple geometric shapes, dress and undress themselves, use silverware, clap hands to rhythm, turn somersaults, wash and dry themselves.

Another indicator, for a child of any age, is if they lose the ability to accomplish a task they once could.

By federal law (IDEA - Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004) public schools must aid in the identification, location and evaluation of children with disabilities. Children, ages 3 to 12th grade, are eligible for special education through their local school district at no cost to the family.

To have your child with cerebral palsy accessed for special education services, contact any area grade school. They will direct you to area offices where a free screening can be scheduled. Additionally, NICHCY (the National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities) provides contact information for all 50 states with local agencies qualified to handle disability services.



Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/7647200

An Overview of Music Therapy for Children With Cerebral Palsy

It is widely accepted that music and rhythm have healing powers because they speak more to our emotions than to our intellect. Distraught children often calm when sung to and the extremely find solace when listening to classical music. Music therapy and training has had consistent and profound effects on children suffering from cerebral palsy, leading to improvements in cognitive performance, spatial reasoning, verbal skills and an overall sense of well-being.

Music can actually alter the landscape of the brain, something that has been proven in recent years due to advanced imaging technology such as MRI's. Neurologic Music Therapy is now a recognized and emerging field of science and is becoming commonplace as treatment for patients who suffer brain injuries.


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Music can actually grow and heal neural pathways in the brain, linking areas dedicated to speech, touch, movement, sound and emotion, all areas of the brain required for making music. Neuroplasticity, also known as cortical re-mapping, refers to the ability of the human brain's neural pathways and synapses to change as a result of one's behavior, environment and neural processes. This allow the brain to reorganize itself and bypass areas of injury to promote the development of skills in other areas.

Studies have shown that fetuses are quite capable of hearing sound while in the womb and that they demonstrate a preference for the same music when they are approximately 1 year old. Music is a source of delight for children, and a pleasure that continues beyond childhood, into the teen years and beyond.

Since it has been demonstrated that music has an effect on so many parts of the brain, that it is enjoyed throughout life and that it helps facilitate brain plasticity, there is no wonder it has become a therapeutic science of its own and is used to enhance many of the traditional therapies. Therapists and researchers have documented cases where music therapy has provided profound benefits to patients with cerebral palsy. Both music and CP affect multiple areas of the brain and, even though CP is most commonly defined as an impairment of motor skills, it is also known to create disturbances in perception, behavior, communication, cognition, sensation and lead to seizure disorders. Music aids in the bridging of missed cross-brain connections.

Researchers and therapists are increasingly listing music therapy as integral part of cerebral palsy intervention. Because music can affect the brain's ability to link movement, sound, patterns and emotion, it has effectively promoted improvements in many areas for patients with cerebral palsy, including: communication, gait control, head and torso control, hand movement, introduction of rhythms to children who are deaf, hand-eye coordination, relaxation, muscle response and group play.

Music therapy can begin in the home at virtually any age. Professional music therapists (ones who are board certified as trained in music, assessment, documentation and counseling) can be provided at no cost through state-funded programs and as a part of many IEP's (Individualized Education Programs) in the public school systems. Music therapy is frequently a cross-therapy tool and used in conjunction with other clinical skills. Many music therapy programs are now covered by insurance plans.



Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/7647220

Space-Age Robotic Suits Helping Cerebral Palsy Kids Walk

In the ever-evolving world of technology meets medicine meets cerebral palsy, comes two very interesting stores about young people who are learning to walk with the aid of devices that look more like they belong in a science fiction movie.

The first story comes from WCBS in New York and features 13-year old MacKenzie Maher, unable to walk since birth due to cerebral palsy. A big breakthrough in her quest to walk came courtesy of a high-tech machine called a Lokomat. MacKenzie participated in a 6-week clinical trial at Shriner's Hospital in Chicago. The Lokomat is a robotic device that "walks" her body with all the appropriate movements for several hours a day. The patient is attached to the harness and leg straps prior to a computer controlling the movement of her legs on a treadmill. The computer controls the speed and the harness forces her legs to mimic natural motion. The repetitive motion re-trains the muscles to proper movement and strength without the miscommunications that typically happen when MacKenzie's brain tries to tell her legs what she wants them to do. After time, the therapy retrains the nervous system to bypass damaged areas and restores healthy neuromuscular function.

The stated benefits of Lokomat therapy are 1) the ability to maintain a consistent walking pace, allowing the therapeutic exercise to be sustained for long periods of time 2) improving circulation, strengthening muscles and improving muscle tone 3) strengthening bones that are otherwise at risk of osteoporosis from lack of use.

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The Lokomat, patented by Hocoma, a Swiss company, received FDA approval in 2002 and is therefore covered by some insurance programs. At the time of the CBS story, there were 6 Lokomats in the United States.

The second story revolves around 18-year old Austin Hammer, a young man who suffers from spastic diplegia, who has seen major improvements from the use of a specialized compression suit that was initially designed for use by the Soviet space program to preserve and maintain healthy muscle tone during extended stays in the zero-gravity of space stations. The suit, known as the Euro-Ped Therapy Suit, features a vest, shorts, knee pieces, shoes and a headpiece, all connected to elastic, bungee-like cords. The computer-controlled tension mimics the natural elongation and shortening of healthy human muscles and natural movement. Like the Lokomat, one to two hour, daily sessions of repetitive, machine-controlled walking is enough to retrain muscles and motor skills. Continued therapy at the Euro-Peds National Center for Intensive Pediatric Physical Therapy in Pontiac, MI has given Austin the ability to walk short distances unassisted, something he couldn't previously do.

In the United States, this form of therapy is still in the "investigational" stage and therefore, probably not covered by insurance. However, qualifying patients with cerebral palsy can be accepted into clinical trials at no cost to the patient. At the time of the article, there were 4 other clinics other than the Pontiac, MI Center that offered the Euro-Ped Therapy Suit.

Both systems require that patients meet certain qualifications prior to use. They need to have at least some sensation and movement in at least one of the major muscle groups of the leg. Patients with conditions such as high blood pressure, seizures, diabetes, heart disease, unhealed pressure sores, severe osteoporosis may be deemed poor candidates for this type of robotic therapy.



Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/7726761

Neuroplasticity - Exercise for Your Child's Brain

Recent technology has drastically increased the power of treatments and therapies for children with cerebral palsy. Previous research focused treatment on the muscular and skeletal systems of the body, aiming to increase range of motion and motor function in general. However, new data suggests that treatments are available that improve these areas as well as overall body and mental development. Modern medical research into the area of neuroplasticity is arguably one of the most promising areas of research for treating children with cerebral palsy.

What is Neuroplasticity?
Neuroplasticity describes how the brain can adapt to dramatic changes or injuries. Your brain works with a network of over 100 billion neurons that are nearly all connected with one another. Imagine a highway filled with cars; if an accident occurs on the road, the cars in the lane of the accident can merge into a new lane to continue onto their destination. The brain can behave similarly - damage to brain pathways can instruct brain neurons to reroute and create new pathways.


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New research in this area can wield promising results for children with cerebral palsy. When damage to the brain results in cerebral palsy, there is a chance that the brain will form a new pathway, which can circumvent the damage and restore functionality to the affected area. This is more likely to happen in milder cases of cerebral palsy, but it is not entirely out of the question for severe cases (though it may take longer to occur). Activities such as exercise, education, interacting with others and cognitive remediation can increase the likelihood of these new pathways being formed. On the other hand, loss of sleep, bad nutrition and anxiety can serve to hinder their development.

Exercise is good for the brain
We all know physical activity is good for our bodies, but it can be good for our minds, as well. An article published in 2008, exercise can improve mood, cognition, processing and learning capability. However, such activity shouldn't be strenuous - intensive physical activity might cause more stress and tension than it relieves. Nevertheless, exercise has shown to be one of the best activities for rebuilding brain connections.

There are many ways you can step in to help your child get the most out of physical activities. Keeping the activity consistent and routine ensures that progress is being made. This can be much easier to achieve if you have a specific therapist to work with during each session. Aside from physical therapy sessions, consider incorporating physical activity into your child's playtime. If you can, take part in these activities - swing your child from a swing set or do some exercise with them to encourage them to continue.

Once your child with cerebral palsy is of age to attend school, they will likely take part in physical education. Talk to your child's instructor and make sure you understand what the class curriculum will be. You'll also want the instructor to know the severity of your child's condition so that they take it into account when devising the day's activities. If possible, see if the instructor can create an alternative program tailored to your child's needs. Once the school season is over, consider encouraging your child to take part in an after-school exercise program.



Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/7726762

Assistive Communication Devices and Applications for Children With Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy can result in some or many of a wide array of impairments or developmental delays, some minor, others major. For many children with CP, the ability to communicate effectively can be a real challenge. This may be the result of cognitive impairments, where they struggle with vocabulary and idea processing, or it may be more about the motor skills that govern the mouth, lips and tongue. CP related hearing impairments can also have a profound effect on a child's ability to communicate. Learning complex language and speech skills is uniquely human. So is the ability to invent and utilize adaptive devices to aid those who struggle with this process.

Children develop and use language at roughly their own pace, but a child who fails to meet certain developmental milestones for communication should be tested for speech and hearing issues. Babies should react to sound from birth and even look towards the source of a sound by 6 months. If a child isn't hearing sound well enough to react to it, they will have a difficult time learning to speak. Hearing screenings are available to infants of any age.


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In our highly technical world, many new techniques and devices have been developed aimed at assisting young people with hearing and speech impairments in their efforts to communicate. AAC (Augmented and Alternative Communication) strategies and devices exist in many formats from high-tech to low-tech. With the proliferation of highly sophisticated assistive devices comes the fear that children will lose their motivation to attempt speech.

Before choosing which specific method of intervention or technology will be of greatest benefit to your child with cerebral palsy, seek the nearest rehabilitation or teaching hospital that offers evaluation and assistance in choosing AAC systems. Many of them offer assistive technology clinics where teams of AAC specialists along with speech pathologists, occupational and physical therapists can work directly with AAC technology vendors to design a service plan customized for your child. Having all these professionals under one roof streamlines the process by facilitating effective communications between professionals you might otherwise have to visit individually in multiple cities. The result is an AAC system customized specifically to your child's abilities and needs and the training that both you and your child will need.

Science has made mind-boggling advances over the past decade and there's no end in sight. Laboratories have developed brain/computer interface systems that provide communication and control capabilities to individuals with severe motor disabilities.

VOCAs (voice output communication aids), such as those used by famous physicist Dr. Stephen Hawking, allow individuals with severe speech impairments to communicate verbally by using voice synthesizers filtered through computers, including laptops and hand-held devices.

It's an undeniable fact that people with severe speech and motor impairments are having their lives changed for the better as a result of these amazing advancements in the field of assistive technology and augmentative communications. Some of the more impressive AAC devices and assistiveware applications on the market today include: Proloque, Proloque2Go, KeyStrokes, TouchChat, TouchStrokes, SwitchXS, LayoutKitchen, Minspeak, VisioVoice, GhostReader, Digit-Eyes, Pictello. Go to each products website to learn more about what systems the work on and other details.



Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/7726758

Assistive Communication Devices and Applications for Children With Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy can result in some or many of a wide array of impairments or developmental delays, some minor, others major. For many children with CP, the ability to communicate effectively can be a real challenge. This may be the result of cognitive impairments, where they struggle with vocabulary and idea processing, or it may be more about the motor skills that govern the mouth, lips and tongue. CP related hearing impairments can also have a profound effect on a child's ability to communicate. Learning complex language and speech skills is uniquely human. So is the ability to invent and utilize adaptive devices to aid those who struggle with this process.

Children develop and use language at roughly their own pace, but a child who fails to meet certain developmental milestones for communication should be tested for speech and hearing issues. Babies should react to sound from birth and even look towards the source of a sound by 6 months. If a child isn't hearing sound well enough to react to it, they will have a difficult time learning to speak. Hearing screenings are available to infants of any age.


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In our highly technical world, many new techniques and devices have been developed aimed at assisting young people with hearing and speech impairments in their efforts to communicate. AAC (Augmented and Alternative Communication) strategies and devices exist in many formats from high-tech to low-tech. With the proliferation of highly sophisticated assistive devices comes the fear that children will lose their motivation to attempt speech.

Before choosing which specific method of intervention or technology will be of greatest benefit to your child with cerebral palsy, seek the nearest rehabilitation or teaching hospital that offers evaluation and assistance in choosing AAC systems. Many of them offer assistive technology clinics where teams of AAC specialists along with speech pathologists, occupational and physical therapists can work directly with AAC technology vendors to design a service plan customized for your child. Having all these professionals under one roof streamlines the process by facilitating effective communications between professionals you might otherwise have to visit individually in multiple cities. The result is an AAC system customized specifically to your child's abilities and needs and the training that both you and your child will need.

Science has made mind-boggling advances over the past decade and there's no end in sight. Laboratories have developed brain/computer interface systems that provide communication and control capabilities to individuals with severe motor disabilities.

VOCAs (voice output communication aids), such as those used by famous physicist Dr. Stephen Hawking, allow individuals with severe speech impairments to communicate verbally by using voice synthesizers filtered through computers, including laptops and hand-held devices.

It's an undeniable fact that people with severe speech and motor impairments are having their lives changed for the better as a result of these amazing advancements in the field of assistive technology and augmentative communications. Some of the more impressive AAC devices and assistiveware applications on the market today include: Proloque, Proloque2Go, KeyStrokes, TouchChat, TouchStrokes, SwitchXS, LayoutKitchen, Minspeak, VisioVoice, GhostReader, Digit-Eyes, Pictello. Go to each products website to learn more about what systems the work on and other details.



Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/7726758

Fabrication and the Developmentally Disabled

Fabrication is defined as a person making a deliberately false and improbable account of situation. Almost every adult in the world will say lying is wrong and inappropriate. Moreover, the same adults will tell children that they will be punished for lying. However, when it comes to protecting someone's feelings, evading trouble or using imagination, some people can find themselves lying unconsciously. Whether male or female, occasional lying can be considered harmless depending on the situation. Due to the fact that it is a human trait and primarily used to influence the way a person is viewed by others, fabricating stories are very common in today's society. Fabrication is deceptive but not always meant to hurt other people. Specifically, when a person fabricates they are protecting themselves from any consequences or embarrassment from telling the truth. A person may fabricate a story to avoid looking irresponsible, avoid conflict, to shift blame to someone else or for selfish reasons.

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In society, individuals with disabilities have to manage limitations of physical ability, cognitive ability and IQ level. Conversely, some individuals with disabilities show a tendency to fabricate for similar reasons as other people. Furthermore, fabrication by individual with disabilities can be characterized as a defensive mechanism due to their ailment or environment. Another reason why an individual with disabilities may fabricate would be to make an allegation of abuse or mistreatment. Those individuals with an extensive history of fabrication may not think of lying as being inappropriate and commit the act out of necessity. Quality of care, choices, adaptable environment and the circle of support are essential components in the life of an individual with disabilities. For those reasons, there are many policies and regulations implement to not only protect but monitor that person's life. In essence, a person with a disability is entitled to the best care that can be provided. It is important for healthcare providers not to discriminate against these individuals however it is also important for these individuals to be aware of the difference between right and wrong. Within organizations specializing in developmental disabilities regulated by the state government, fabrication incidents are to be investigated without prejudice regardless of the person's history.

The rationale for fabrication by individuals with disabilities can be somewhat disputed. In some cases, the individuals feel they deserve special treatment due to their circumstances and anything less is unacceptable. In other cases, individuals can be deceptive, vindictive and relish the opportunity to get others in trouble. Moreover, there are techniques that can health professionals manage fabrication allegations. In order to encourage the truth, a health professional should initially teach the person through social skills training about the importance of honesty and how being dishonest can affect a reputation. It is also imperative that the individual learn not to justify their actions due to circumstances, manipulation, and dislike of staff, peer or family members. Accountability is also a human trait but not a common trait therefore lessons of responsibility should also be the focal point of the social skills training.

In any case, an individual with disabilities should not be made to feel guilty or ashamed for fabricating but educated about the social consequences of their actions. It is not the position of a health professional to initially determine if the individual is lying but rather what is the reason behind the lie. If fabrication is considered to be a challenging or problematic behavior for the individual then counseling should be implemented immediately. Fabrication can become an area of concern but not a crisis issue if controlled with a proactive psychological approach.



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Electronic Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring: An Issue of Life and Death

For those who think electronic fetal heart rate monitoring (EFM) is unnecessary during labor and delivery, think again. Although this technology has been portrayed by opponents as difficult to use, unreliable, and unnecessary, the facts prove otherwise. In actuality, use of EFM may save the lives of many newborns.

Researchers at the University of Wisconsin conducted a major study on this issue. Looking over 1.7 million births in the US is n 2004, they found that EFM had consistently positive effects. Risk of infant mortality was lowered to an adjusted relative risk of 0.75 with use of EFM. There was also lower risk of early neonatal mortality (adjusted relative risk 0.50). In low-risk pregnancies, researchers saw decreased risk for low Apgar scores; in high-risk pregnancies, they saw decreased risk of neonatal seizures. All in all, the results were convincing: use of electronic fetal heart rate monitoring during labor and delivery is unambiguously beneficial to infant and mother.

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EFM is used during pregnancy, labor, and delivery to track the heart rate of the fetus and the strength and duration of your contractions. It can provide minute-by-minute information on the status of the fetus, as heart rate can be a good way to tell whether he is under stress or not. When problems do occur, EFM can provide insight into the baby's reaction and its ability to tolerate the stress being put on it.

There are two types of electronic fetal monitors: internal and external. In external monitoring, the mother wears a belt with sensors. These record the baby's heart rate and the duration of the mother's contractions. The information is often printed out on a chart. Internal monitoring is only performed close to delivery. For this, a sensor is inserted into the uterus and attached to the baby's scalp. Internal monitoring is more accurate but does come with somewhat heightened risks for the mother.

Given the data supporting the benefits of EFM, it appears that instead of questioning the technology, critics should focus their attention on helping doctors become better trained in interpreting the EFM output. In the past, many doctors and nurses have not received adequate training in EFM tracings, and terminology has not been standardized, leading to confusion and miscommunication. It has recently been suggested that computer-assisted interpretation could improve the reliability and effectiveness of EFM. Whether the solution lies in computer assistance or improved training programs, EFM has proved its effectiveness and critics need to acknowledge its power in preventing infant mortality and morbidity.



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Assessment and Treatment of Learning Disabilities

It can be disheartening to learn that your child has a learning disability. It is, however, very important to know that this does not mean that the child lacks intellect. Your child can be smart, yet still experience significant cognitive difficulties. Learning disabilities are characterized by a certain level of brain impairment to receive, store, analyze and process information.

Naturally, children with a learning disorder will grow up to be adults with learning disabilities, which is why early intervention is always preferable.

There are different types of learning disabilities, but in general, they will affect one or more of a person's cognitive abilities such as reading, listening, reasoning, writing and doing basic math. Certain learning disorders can also be linked to difficulties with motor skills. Almost without exception, individuals having a learning disability will also have problems concentrating, focusing and remembering certain information. Children with learning disabilities may hear, see and think differently as their brain operates in a different manner.


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As a parent, it is important to identify your child's disability at an early stage so that your child can learn how to deal with the condition, or better yet receive specialized treatment of learning disabilities, which will make it easier for the child to process information. That, in turn, would improve all aspects of learning.

Types of learning disabilities

Dyslexia is predominantly a reading disability. It manifests itself in a number of ways. The child may not be able to comprehend the correlation between alphabets or words and their sounds. Skipping words even sentences when reading is quite common. Spelling may also be a challenge. Other typical signs that characterize dyslexia include taking a long time to read, mixing up letters in a word, and inability to retain read material.
Dysgraphia is a writing disability, which can become very restrictive when a child or an adult suffering from this learning disability is having difficulty with penning down their thoughts on paper. The child will typically have problems with grammar and with writing complete sentences. This disability is characterized by grammatically unclear and incomplete sentences. Other symptoms related to this disability include: poor grip of a pen or pencil and messy handwriting. The person may express himself/herself verbally well but unable to write thoughts on paper, coherently.
Dyscalculia, is a math-related disability that affects the recognition of numbers and the understanding of simple mathematical concepts. The symptoms include: inability to recollect a number sequence, confusion with numbers that look similar, problems during money transactions like counting money or calculating change, difficulty with basic mathematical functions like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Even simple counting and telling the time could be difficult for those experiencing dyscalculia.
The auditory disability also called Central Auditory Process Disorder (CAPD, or APD) involves a child's auditory processing ability, which affects understanding of information received verbally. The signs to watch out for include inability to follow instructions, inaccurate pronunciation, inability to understand conversations or part of them, sensitivity to background sounds, difficulty with processing any type of information that requires listening.
Nonverbal learning disorder (NLD) also referred to as nonverbal learning disability has to do with nonverbal skills. The condition manifests itself in poor fine motor skills and coordination, poor social skills, although the child may do well academically. This disability shows itself through signs that include the inability to discern facial expressions, questioning more than usual, complaining about being frequently misunderstood, difficulties with reading, writing, doing math and inability to handle any disruption in their daily routine.
Visual Processing disorder disrupts a child's ability to handle and process information received visually. The symptoms include: poor spelling, copying words and getting disorientated while reading.
Aphasia is a language-based disability that affects the child's ability to express their thoughts and understanding of both written and spoken language. Signs that indicate this disorder include difficulty with understanding written material, speaking incomplete sentences or unrecognizable words.
Dyspraxia also known as Sensory Integration Disorder and is a learning disability that affects fine motor skills (such as writing, using tools like scissors or buttoning a shirt) and/or gross motor skills (such as running, jumping, throwing, hitting or catching a ball).The condition is also characterized by poor eye-hand coordination.
A learning disability is often combined with attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity (ADHD). Unfortunately, one of the biggest problems with kids (and adults) experiencing a learning disability, is that they suffer from low self-esteem and low self-confidence, which can have a detrimental effect on their performance and achievements in life.

Assessing your child's disability

Assessment of learning disabilities consists of various steps- testing of learning disabilities and specific aspects of the learning process. Lately, more modern neuro-cognitive assessment tools have been developed to point out specifically different cognitive deficiencies.

New technologies to assess frontal lobe function have helped in both assessing and treating all types of learning disabilities. While teaching kids how to improve and better deal with their deficiencies is important, correcting deeper neurological structures in the frontal cortex is very important. Neuro cognitive therapy and training have shown excellent results in the treatment of learning disabilities with marked improvement on all levels. Improving brain regulation combined with developing core cognitive skills such as visual processing, auditory processing, divided attention, multitasking, and working memory, can contribute to considerable and permanent gains in cognitive performance and significant reduction in symptoms.

The ACEclinics in Toronto, Canada, headed by Bob Gottfried, PhD is a pioneer in this field. The clinic specializes in assessment and treatment of, learning disabilities (LD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD), non-specific neuro-cognitive deficiencies and memory disorders.



Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/7922758

4 Great Techniques To Help Your Baby Learn To Creep

Most babies typically begin creeping around the six- to seven-month mark. However, the range of age is wide in terms of when this may actually occur. Some babies begin to creep as early as five months, while others may take as long as eight or nine months. Creeping requires a considerable amount of trunk and upper/lower extremity strength, so have some patience and don't rush your little one! We have provided a few techniques below to help you help baby get moving.

Please note: if you are worried that your baby is not as active as she should be, talk with your pediatrician. Trust your instincts!

Before we get to the techniques, let's define the difference between two terms that are often used interchangeably: creeping and crawling.

Creeping isdefined as moving around on the floor with the stomach in direct contact with the ground. Some babies develop the ability to creep in a circle first; while others, whose arms are stronger than their legs, are able to creep backwards first.


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Crawling is defined as moving on hands and knees with the stomach up off of the ground. One type of crawling, known as commando crawling, may be seen when an infant moves around on the floor on forearms while dragging his hips behind him.

The following are some strategies for initiating and developing creeping skills in your baby:

Tummy Time

One often overlooked aspect of developing the ability to creep is time spent on the floor. As long as your baby has adequate head control then she should be spending at least one hour each day, every day, on the floor. This activity has many benefits such as building strength of the arms and chest muscles as baby pushes her chest up off the floor. While in this position, baby will also have an opportunity to strengthen her neck muscles as she lifts her head to look around the room. Some babies may not like or be able to tolerate tummy time for extended periods. If this is your baby, start small and gradually increase the amount of time spent on the floor. Your baby will be able to tolerate being on her stomach if she sees you doing it with her, so lie down on your stomach face-to-face with your baby and show her how much fun tummy time is!

Once your baby is able to tolerate being on her stomach for an extended length of time, you are ready to help her to start moving.

Creeping in a Circle

Position baby on the floor propped on her forearms.
Place a small, brightly colored toy directly in front of her just out of reach.
Move the toy towards your baby's side in a semi-circle so that she has to turn her head to continue looking at the toy.
Encourage her to shift her body weight from one hand to the other and try to reach the toy by pivoting on her stomach.
As she begins moving towards the toy, move it so that it is just out of her reach. Continue moving the toy until she has crept in a complete circle towards one side of her body. Allow her to play with the toy for a short amount of time and then repeat this process towards the opposite side of her body. Repeat this activity so that baby makes five complete circles to both the right and left sides of her body.
Practice creeping in a circle every day for about one week. Once baby is confident in her ability to complete this activity, she is then ready to attempt to creep forward.

Creeping Forward (Double Leg Assist)

Position baby on her stomach on the floor with a small toy just out of reach.
Once she is engaged with the toy, kneel behind her and slightly bend both of her knees.
Place your hands under the bottom of her feet and provide her with a firm surface from which to push off of.
Encourage her to reach forward to get the toy by dragging herself forward with her hands and pushing off of your hands with her feet.
When baby is able to creep forward using the above technique, she is ready to move forward and attempt to creep with assistance provided to one leg at a time.

Creeping Forward (Single Leg Assist)

Place baby on her stomach with a brightly colored toy in front of her just out of reach.
Once she is interested in and focused on the toy, bend one of her knees.
Place your hand under the foot of the leg with the bent knee and encourage her to push off from your hand as she reaches for the toy by extending or straightening that leg.
When baby has moved forward, switch to her other leg and bend that knee and repeat the above process.
Continue forward alternating between her right and left legs.
After about a month or two of practice on the floor creeping in a circle and creeping forward, baby should be ready to start learning how to crawl. Stay tuned for future articles on techniques for helping your baby through this next stage of development.



Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/8150339

4 Great Techniques To Help Your Baby Learn To Creep

Most babies typically begin creeping around the six- to seven-month mark. However, the range of age is wide in terms of when this may actually occur. Some babies begin to creep as early as five months, while others may take as long as eight or nine months. Creeping requires a considerable amount of trunk and upper/lower extremity strength, so have some patience and don't rush your little one! We have provided a few techniques below to help you help baby get moving.

Please note: if you are worried that your baby is not as active as she should be, talk with your pediatrician. Trust your instincts!

Before we get to the techniques, let's define the difference between two terms that are often used interchangeably: creeping and crawling.


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Creeping isdefined as moving around on the floor with the stomach in direct contact with the ground. Some babies develop the ability to creep in a circle first; while others, whose arms are stronger than their legs, are able to creep backwards first.

Crawling is defined as moving on hands and knees with the stomach up off of the ground. One type of crawling, known as commando crawling, may be seen when an infant moves around on the floor on forearms while dragging his hips behind him.

The following are some strategies for initiating and developing creeping skills in your baby:

Tummy Time

One often overlooked aspect of developing the ability to creep is time spent on the floor. As long as your baby has adequate head control then she should be spending at least one hour each day, every day, on the floor. This activity has many benefits such as building strength of the arms and chest muscles as baby pushes her chest up off the floor. While in this position, baby will also have an opportunity to strengthen her neck muscles as she lifts her head to look around the room. Some babies may not like or be able to tolerate tummy time for extended periods. If this is your baby, start small and gradually increase the amount of time spent on the floor. Your baby will be able to tolerate being on her stomach if she sees you doing it with her, so lie down on your stomach face-to-face with your baby and show her how much fun tummy time is!

Once your baby is able to tolerate being on her stomach for an extended length of time, you are ready to help her to start moving.

Creeping in a Circle

Position baby on the floor propped on her forearms.
Place a small, brightly colored toy directly in front of her just out of reach.
Move the toy towards your baby's side in a semi-circle so that she has to turn her head to continue looking at the toy.
Encourage her to shift her body weight from one hand to the other and try to reach the toy by pivoting on her stomach.
As she begins moving towards the toy, move it so that it is just out of her reach. Continue moving the toy until she has crept in a complete circle towards one side of her body. Allow her to play with the toy for a short amount of time and then repeat this process towards the opposite side of her body. Repeat this activity so that baby makes five complete circles to both the right and left sides of her body.
Practice creeping in a circle every day for about one week. Once baby is confident in her ability to complete this activity, she is then ready to attempt to creep forward.

Creeping Forward (Double Leg Assist)

Position baby on her stomach on the floor with a small toy just out of reach.
Once she is engaged with the toy, kneel behind her and slightly bend both of her knees.
Place your hands under the bottom of her feet and provide her with a firm surface from which to push off of.
Encourage her to reach forward to get the toy by dragging herself forward with her hands and pushing off of your hands with her feet.
When baby is able to creep forward using the above technique, she is ready to move forward and attempt to creep with assistance provided to one leg at a time.

Creeping Forward (Single Leg Assist)

Place baby on her stomach with a brightly colored toy in front of her just out of reach.
Once she is interested in and focused on the toy, bend one of her knees.
Place your hand under the foot of the leg with the bent knee and encourage her to push off from your hand as she reaches for the toy by extending or straightening that leg.
When baby has moved forward, switch to her other leg and bend that knee and repeat the above process.
Continue forward alternating between her right and left legs.
After about a month or two of practice on the floor creeping in a circle and creeping forward, baby should be ready to start learning how to crawl. Stay tuned for future articles on techniques for helping your baby through this next stage of development.



Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/8150339

Infant Development - Teach Your Baby How To Crawl

Crawling is the term used to describe moving around the floor on hands and knees with the stomach up off of the ground. This type of mature movement is different from creeping, which is defined as baby dragging her body around with her stomach in direct contact with the ground.

Crawling typically appears after a baby has learned to creep on the floor. Don't be surprised though if your baby skips creeping and pushes herself up onto her hands and knees and begins to attempt to crawl first. Most babies will acquire the ability to crawl around the nine to ten month mark. However, some babies begin to crawl as early as six or seven months. Others may take as long as twelve to thirteen months before crawling. If you are worried that your baby is not crawling, a conversation with your baby's pediatrician would be in order. As an alternative, you may contact your local Early Intervention program and request a physical therapy evaluation to determine if some type of intervention is necessary. In the meantime try these simple techniques for immediate results.

Rocking front to back on hands and knees

Place your baby on her stomach.

Kneel behind your baby and gently but firmly grasp her around her trunk, with one of your hands on either side of her body.

Gently use your fingers to raise her hips up off the ground and bring her knees under her trunk so that she is on her hands and knees.

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Use one of your hands for support under her trunk, if necessary.

Gently rock her front to back while maintaining the hands and knees position.

Once she is stable on her hands and knees, kneel on the floor in front of her and show her how much fun rocking on hands and knees is.
Reaching while on hands and knees

Position your baby on her hands and knees as described above and support her under her trunk with one hand.

Place a toy in front of the baby and tell her to reach for the toy with one hand.

Increase the support under her trunk as needed to help her maintain her balance on both knees and one hand while she plays with the toy using the other hand.

Allow her to play with the toy in this position for about one minute.

Move the toy close to her other hand and encourage her to switch hands and play with the toy with her other hand while you provide support under her trunk as needed.
Crawling forward with assistance at hips

Position your baby on hands and knees as described above, but this time place her favorite toy in front of her, just out of reach.

Kneel on the ground behind her and gently move her right knee forward about 2", then move her left hand forward 2".

Move her left knee forward 2", then move her right hand forward 2".

Keep alternating her hands and knees for her until she reaches the toy.

Move the toy out of reach and encourage her to move forward on hands and knees to get the toy once again.

Provide assistance to her knees as needed to help her move forward.

Practice crawling on the floor daily until your baby is able to crawl on her own.
In the next module of this training series I will discuss some simple tips and tricks to help improve your baby's sitting balance.

For a more in depth and illustrated article on teaching your baby how to crawl visit my website at [http://www.yourbabycandothis.com] and read my blog. You can also follow me on Twitter at http://www.twitter.com/@BabyMasterPT and I will answer any questions you may have. Your Baby Can Do This! is now being offered at a 20% discount on Amazon.com. This book is a one of a kind manual for any parent worried about their baby's gross motor development.



Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/8226818

Baby Can't Sit By Himself? Teach Him How With These Techniques!

As your baby grows and begins creeping around on the floor, he will begin to pay attention to, and absorb more and more of the surrounding environment. He will discover that there are many interesting objects above him just out of reach, and will begin to push himself up into the seated position to reach for them. The seated position is also an important resting place which gives your baby time to explore and manipulate objects, thereby acquiring and developing his fine motor skills. While sitting, babies typically learn to move in a sequential manner. A baby will develop the ability to rock himself forwards and backwards first, then from side to side, and finally he will acquire the ability to rotate his trunk without a loss of balance. If your baby is struggling to push himself up into sitting, or is unable to maintain his balance while seated, give the following activities a try.

Propped Sitting is defined as sitting on the floor with hands on the ground in front of the body for support. You can help your baby develop this skill by performing the following steps:


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Position your baby seated on the floor in front of you, facing away from you.
Sit behind your baby with one of your legs on either side of his body.
Place your baby's hands on the ground and encourage him to prop himself up in this position.
Hold your baby lightly around his trunk to prevent him from losing his balance.
If your baby is unable to keep his balance, move his legs wider apart to increase his base of support.
Once your baby is stable, encourage him to reach for a toy with one hand while propping himself up with the other hand.
As your baby's trunk strength increases, you will notice that he will gradually straighten his back and sit with an upright posture. Eventually he will lift both of his hands up off the ground. While your baby is playing in the seated position, encourage him to look upwards at toys or objects above his eye level. This will prompt him to straighten his back and sit with an upright posture.

Sitting Without Support is defined as sitting on the floor with hands up off the ground while playing with toys. You can help your baby to perform this step in the following manner:

Seat your baby on the floor as described above.
Provide him with two small objects to play with and encourage him to bang them together.
Support your baby with your hands on his hips as needed.
As your baby develops the ability to balance himself in this position, move your hands to his thighs.
Encourage him to reach outside of his base of support for small toys while you support his legs as needed.
Cue your baby to reach to both sides of his body with one hand then the other,while you hold down the opposite leg. For instance, if you ask him to reach for a toy with his left hand, you should hold down his right leg. This will cue the intercostal muscles on the right side of his trunk to contract, and bring him back up to midline.
Trunk Rotation While Sitting Without Support is defined as sitting on the floor with the hands up off the ground and rotating the trunk while reaching for toys. Help your baby to reach this skill level in the following manner:

Position your baby seated on the floor in front of you as described above.
Sit behind your baby and encourage him to rotate his trunk while reaching for toys provided by you from the opposite side.
Encourage him to reach for toys on his left side with his right hand and to reach to his right side with his left hand.
Provide support as needed by holding down the leg on the opposite side of his body. For instance, if he is turning towards his right side, you should hold down his left leg. This will cue the muscle on the left side of his trunk to contract to keep him from falling.
For a more comprehensive and illustrated article on the importance of sitting and playing in the seated position visit [http://www.yourbabycandothis.com]



Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/8245040

Infant Torticollis - These Stretching And Positioning Exercises Can Help!

Wry Neck or Infant Torticollis is an abnormal tightness of the Sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) of a baby's neck which causes him to hold his head tilted toward one side of the body. The SCM is a large rope-like muscle that extends from the base of baby's collar bone to the base of the skull. Torticollis affects one in every 250 babies born in the United States, and may be congenital or acquired. Congenital Torticollis, also known as Muscular Torticollis, is usually painless and causes the baby to keep their head tilted towards one side. If left untreated, Torticollis can cause serious side effects such as flat head syndrome (Plagiocephaly) because baby's with this condition tend to sleep with their head to the same side. Many parents of infants with this condition report seeing and feeling a lump in the muscle of their baby's neck.

If you suspect that your baby may have this condition, a visit to the pediatrician is highly recommended, because he may also have a condition called hip dysplasia, where the hip joint is malformed and dislocated. One condition does not cause the other, however there is a correlation between the two. Thankfully, Torticollis can be treated with simple stretching of baby's neck muscles and positioning of his head during routine activities such as sleeping or watching television.


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Simple Home Exercises and Stretches:

If your baby has right side Torticollis, try this technique during feeding time to cue your baby to turn her head towards the left side.

Stretching Tight Neck Muscles While Feeding

Hold your baby in your right arm and hold her bottle in your left hand.

Gently touch the tip of the bottle's nipple to the left corner of your baby's mouth and encourage her to turn her head toward her left side as she tries to get the nipple into her mouth.

Move the nipple toward your baby's left side so that she has to continue turning her head toward the left side to get the nipple into her mouth.

Continue this process until she has turned her head all the way to the left side before giving her the bottle to feed from. Encourage her to finish feeding with her head turned and this will stretch the tight neck muscles on the right side of her neck.
Positioning of the Head While Baby is Asleep

Put your baby to sleep on her stomach with her face turned toward her favorite side (the side with the tight SCM muscle)

Position her body so that she is facing the wall.

Most babies will turn their heads to look at the objects in the room instead of staring at the wall, and this will gently stretch the tight neck muscles.
Positional Stretching For Tight Neck Muscles

Place your baby lying on the couch with her head close to your body.

Engage her with a brightly colored toy or cell phone held directly overhead.

Once she is tracking the toy, slowly move the toy in an arc down to the surface of the couch so that the toy is on the opposite side of her Torticollis (if she has right side torticollis then the toy would be placed on her left side) so that she has to rotate her head toward her left side to continue looking at the toy.

When her head has turned all the way to the opposite side of the Torticollis, gently place your hand on her cheek to keep her face turned towards the opposite side.

Try to keep her head turned toward the left side for thirty seconds or as long as she can tolerate the stretch.

Gently stroke her tummy to help keep her calm.
Practice the above stretching and positioning exercises several times each day and the Torticollis should gradually resolve itself.

For a more detailed article with pictures of infants performing the above exercises visit my website at [http://www.yourbabycandothis.com] and read my blog.



Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/8272225

Premature Baby Has Congenital Torticollis? Try These Simple Stretches

This is a fairly common condition that affects 1 out of every 250 babies born in the United States. If your baby has this condition you will notice that she keeps her face turned toward one side of her body more than the other. In addition, her head will tilt or bend to the opposite side. Parents of infants with this condition have also reported that they were able to feel a small but noticeable lump in the center of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle (SCM) on the side of the baby's neck. The SCM is a large rope-like muscle that begins on the scapula and ends on the base of the skull. This muscle is responsible for tilting and rotating the head.

How is Congenital Torticollis discovered?

Congenital Torticollis is usually found during a routine examination by the baby's pediatrician within the first month or two after the baby's birth. Most cases of Congenital Torticollis are subtle and often go unnoticed by parents who may not know what to look for. Once your doctor has ordered X-rays to confirm the diagnosis, he may also recommend that your baby receive physical therapy.It's important to begin treatment as soon as possible for this condition because if left untreated Torticollis could cause your baby to develop Plagiocephaly (Flat Head Syndrome), a condition that causes the back or side of baby's head to become flattened due to prolonged pressure on the same part of the skull. Premature babies are especially susceptible to Plagiocephaly because their skulls are softer than the skulls of full term babies.

How is Congenital Torticollis treated?

This condition may be corrected using simple stretches and positioning at home. In addition, Torticollis may be resolved by turning your baby's face to the opposite side each time you put her to sleep.

1. The "Head Turning" neck stretch

Put your baby to lie on her back on the couch with her head close to your body.

Hold a brightly colored toy about 4-6" in front of her face and move it from side to side so that she has to turn her head to track the toy.

As your baby turns her head to look at the toy, move the toy down to the surface of the couch so that she has to turn her head in the opposite direction from the side that she normally keeps her head turned toward.


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Put your hand on the side of her head to keep her head turned towards her non-favorite side for as long as she can tolerate it.

Rub her tummy and talk to her to keep her calm during this exercise.
2. Football Stretch (For Right Side Torticollis)

Hold your baby with her back against your chest.

Tilt her body so that she is leaning at a 45 degree angle with her head towards your right arm.

Slide your left arm between her legs and up across her chest and hold down her right shoulder with your left hand.

Use your right hand on the right side of her head and gently tilt her head sideways until her left ear touches the top of her left shoulder.

You are now stretching the right Sternocleidomastoid muscle.

If your baby has left side torticollis reverse the above directions to stretch the left Sternocleidomastoid muscle.
3. Stretching while bottle-feeding (Right Side Torticollis)

If your baby has right side Torticollis then she would have difficulty turning her head toward her right side.

Hold baby in your left arm and begin feeding her with a bottle.

When she is feeding comfortably remove the nipple from her mouth.

Touch the nipple to the right side of her mouth and cue her to turn her head to the right to get the nipple back into her mouth.

Repeat this process of removing the nipple from her mouth and coaxing her to head to the right side to get the nipple back into her mouth until her head has turned all the way to the right side.

Complete her feeding with her head turned all the way to the right side and this will stretch her right SCM muscle.
This condition should gradually resolve itself if you stretch your baby's tight neck muscles 4-5 times every day.

I hope you found this information helpful and enjoyable. For a more detailed article on Congenital Torticollis with pictures and specific stretches to help corrects this condition click this link. [http://www.yourbabycandothis.com/?p=397/]



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Theo Huxtable - TV's First Advocate For Schools for Dyslexia

Timothy McSweeney once described Theo Huxtable from The Cosby Show as a "Byronic Hero." Besides Theo's good looks, McSweeney points to Byron's clubfoot as a disability that made the hero stand-apart. However, the same can be said of Theo. For the majority of the series' early years, Theo was a classic case of a bad student. However, The Cosby Show remarkably changed peoples' opinion of the character after it was revealed that he suffered from a disability. This left audiences wondering how great of a student he could have been if his parents had diagnosed him early on, and if they had done their research on schools for dyslexia.


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The particular episode that revealed Theo's disability was entitled "Theo's Gift," which first aired in 1989. For many viewers, this show was the first time they had heard of the learning disability. Although the series did not show Theo enrolling in any schools for dyslexia, it still demonstrated some of the difficulties that students had with decoding words and how it could negatively affected students' reading levels. Instead of representing Theo as the "bad student" with no one to blame but himself, the series pinpointed the learning disability as the root cause of his difficulty in school. Moreover, the show also offered a subtle critique of the current state of public education by implying that had Theo's disability been discovered earlier, he could have been a better student.

Although Theo eventually received support from his current school, the series could have shown how schools for dyslexia have specific ways of helping students learn how to overcome their challenges and increase their reading level. Furthermore, because they are specialized in that learning disability, those schools offer a more accepting environment that could have potentially helped Theo overcome his disability.

As The Cosby Show progressed over the years, Theo's dyslexia motivated the character to help others that shared his difficulties. Rather than feel defeated from realizing that he had the learning disability, Theo worked hard to eventually open one of the first schools for dyslexia ever depicted on television. It is difficult to know for sure, but it is likely that the series' positive representation of the disability helped not only spread awareness about dyslexia, but also helped many students finally understand why they found it so difficult to read.

It can be very difficult to educate children. Home life and undiagnosed disabilities like dyslexia can truly get in the way of teachers' efforts to help students reach their ultimate potential. Because general education schools have to focus on teaching to the majority of students, they lose their ability to create customized education plans that can support students with special needs. For this reason, schools for dyslexia and other disabilities are a great help for a number of students. While they require that students leave the only kind of schooling they have come to know, they also offer some of the best resources to assist those students with special needs. Because so many students can fall through the cracks in the education system, Theo Huxtable's advocacy for schools for dyslexia is truly commendable.



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Learning Outside of Dyslexia Schools - Children's Books About Reading Differently

When thinking about dyslexia, many people envision children in dyslexia schools or in classrooms with dedicated teachers working closely with their students. Although such resources are extremely important in helping students with this disability succeed in the classroom, popular culture does not often represent what it is like for kids at home. Not wanting to lose sight of these kids, some doctors have created special books that feature them. These books serve as both learning tools and sources of inspiration to overcome their disadvantages.

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A great example of such a book is Dr. Chertia Johnson-Morrow's 2013 book, Dyslexia Byslexia. The book stars a bright little girl named Maya Ruby. Initially receiving high marks in her work, as Maya progresses in school she begins to notice that she is having difficulties reading. Johnson-Morrow's book illustrates some of the more confusing aspects of the disability by showing Maya speaking with teachers and doctors about how her style of reading is different from that used by other children. By telling the story through Maya's perspective, the book does a great job showing children with similar setbacks that they are not alone in what they are going through. By reading the story of how Maya became knowledgeable of her disability, and how it affected her reading skills, children in her same situation can see that they too will be able to overcome their learning differences. Dyslexia Byslexia is part of an entire genre of books dedicated to teaching children about learning disabilities. Other notable books include "Why Can't I Read? A Children's Book on Dyslexia" and "It's Called Dyslexia that are made for children." This genre of literature is truly great because it directs its attention to children. These books are extremely informative and still manage to be written and illustrated in the style of other children's books.

Although it is important to recognize the hard work parents and teachers of these students in dyslexia schools do in order to keep these children at the same learning pace as their peers, dyslexic children still bear the brunt of the work in the process. What books as this offer is a fun and palatable way to develop reading skills and obtain strategies to best overcome their disability. Often parents and teachers of children in dyslexia schools forget that school can be very hard work, especially for children at a disadvantage. Fun literature kids can read at home allows them to practice their skills in a less taxing environment. For that reason, it is important to create books, movies, and television shows that speak to children of a specific need so they may understand their differences, feel they have someone to relate too and empower them come to terms with it.



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World War 2: A Movement to Eradicate Weakness and Disability

World War 2 was a terrible time for several sects of people, including Jews, Gays and Lesbians. But it was perhaps especially horrendous for the developmentally disabled. Even as some semblance of humanity and empathy towards the disabled began to emerge during the 1800's, no one could have foreseen the utterly inhumane and torturous practices that were characteristic of the Third Reich. In Hitler's quest for a perfect world, Nazi's believed it was their duty to eradicate anything that was considered a "genetic defect," "feeble-mindedness" or an "imperfection." Statistics suggests that more than 400,000 developmentally disabled individuals were a victim of the Nazi sterilization campaign between 1933 and 1939, in the early years of Hitler's Germany. Catholic priests registered most candidates for this program unknowing their future fate.


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Not considered enough, the Sterilization Program ended in Germany in 1939. This gave way to a worse solution, an Euthanasia Program. Over 700,000 disabled adults and children were killed under this program; the disabilities include, depression, mental retardation, schizophrenia, and even deafness and blindness. The developmentally and intellectually disabled were Nazi's first guinea pigs, and methods of mass killings were first experimented and perfected on them before Nazi's could move onto Jews, Gays and Lesbians. Methods of killing such as starvation; exposure to cold; blood-letting; injecting with morphine; gassing with cyanide and poisoning were first tested on the disabled adults and even children as young as 3 years old. In a shocking display of inhumanity, doctors and nurses registered disabled individuals for mass killings and medical experiments in return for a small payment for each registration. A committee with little to no medical education was then selected to look through the registrations and choose disabled individuals who were to be killed. The ones who weren't killed were sent to concentration camps where they were tortured and ridiculed, and almost none of the disabled individuals entering concentration camps survived it.

While the developmentally disabled in Germany suffered under the inhumane laws of the Nazi, a glimpse of hope and optimism towards the situation of such individuals was seen in America. As thousands of Americans signed up for the war, jobs in the US were left vacant and gave disabled individuals a chance to fill these positions. This is perhaps the first time in history that the developmentally disabled were allowed to earn a living respectably for themselves.

There was never any greater display of inhumanity than that during the time of Hitler's Germany. World War 2 had a lot of victims as seen in history; people of different faith, beliefs and abilities suffered unimaginable fates simply because someone viewed them as different.

Bobby Harris is a driven, experienced and knowledgeable professional within areas such as healthcare, childhood education,abuse intervention and crisis prevention; organizational leadership and intellectual / developmental disabilities.



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The Renaissance: Understanding the Developmentally Disabled

Between the 14th and the 17th centuries, the Renaissance, a period that symbolized rebirth and renewal, saw a significant change in people's perspective towards the developmentally and intellectually disabled. The ill-treatment and disregard towards such individuals by no means ended completely. The disabled were still subjected to forms of abuse, mockery and mental harassment. However, the world was slowly but surely beginning to understand and empathize with the conditions of the developmentally disabled.

The first settlers in American Colonies would prohibit disabled individuals from entering the country, afraid that they would require financial support and would be unable to care for themselves. Even as American colonies shunned the disabled, they could not avoid having disabled babies being born in the colonies. Children who had already settled the colonies would at times to display some form of developmental disability. Ultimately a law was passed that allowed families to provide care and treatment for the disabled within their houses. While a step forward, the individuals were not allowed to be part or interact with their community. The Renaissance was the first time in history that disabled individuals were considered as capable of thinking and learning. Schools and institutions for the disabled were set up throughout America and Europe, and attempts were made to educate and treat them. Laws were passed that allowed disabled individuals to be educated, but in segregated schools, far from the main cities and towns. Almshouses were created to provide shelter and care for beggars, most of whom suffered from some form of disability and the institutionalization of the developmentally disabled, especially those who suffered mental retardation, was encouraged. Most people suffering from intellectual disabilities were sent to such institutes or "correction houses" either for education, treatment or to live their entire lives. The first hospital with a separate section for intellectual disabilities and mental retardation was founded in Philadelphia in the year 1771.


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Even as the world was slowly awakening to the plight of the developmentally disabled; an attitude of ignorance, disregard and disrespect was still widely prevalent among the population. Disabled individuals were still not allowed to be a part of the society and the institutions where they were being treated inevitably turned into a place where people could go to stare at them and mock their oddities. At such asylums, institutions and hospitals; the developmentally disabled were kept in cellars and displayed to the public; a shameful act that showcased a blatant disregard towards the plight of such individuals and violated their freedom. During these years, the world was beginning to show compassion towards the developmentally and intellectually disabled, yet there was still a long way to go before such individuals were treated with respect instead of mockery and revulsion.

Bobby Harris is a driven, experienced and knowledgeable professional within areas such as healthcare, childhood education,abuse intervention and crisis prevention; organizational leadership and intellectual / developmental disabilities.



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The Rise of Medication for Treatment of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

The treatment of intellectual and developmental disabilities has a long history that is glaringly characterized by abuse, torture and malpractices. In the ancient era, the developmentally disabled were simply left to die. Caging them, isolating them and abandoning them were common practices since it was widely believed that there was no treatment for such individuals. Later, the concept of institutionalization and hospitalization came about but there was little change in the way people mistreated the developmentally disabled and were repulsed by them. For a long time trepanation and blood letting were considered effective treatments, but patients undergoing such treatments often died. It wasn't until the 1900's that the world was truly exposed to the plight of the disabled and attempted to better their situation. The scientific and medical community spent more time and money researching developmental disabilities, and this was especially noticeable after the Civil Right Movement and the Disability Rights Movement during the 1950's. Psychotropic Medication for Developmental Disabilities is a concept that was deeply researched after the mid- 1900's and today is perhaps the most widely accepted and effective method for treating a wide range of developmental and intellectual disabilities.

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The 1950's are considered the decade of development of antipsychotics. The 1960's were the decade of the antidepressants while the 19070's was the decade of anxiolytics, used for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Mood Stabilizers and Stimulants were successfully created to address a wide range of disabilities including bipolar disorders, ADHD, schizophrenia and narcolepsy. Psychedelics and hypnotics refer to a group of medical drugs that had strong effects on the patient and are consumed only under strict medical supervision. Today, the medical community is researching and working towards a new kind of psychotropic medication; commonly referred to as "second generation" drugs. These drugs are developed to treat specific types of illnesses. Modern Science and technology has allowed scientists to create "second generation" drugs that are much more effective and have fewer side effects than the ones that were earlier administered to the developmentally disabled.

The hard truth remains that even the most advanced drugs and medication cannot completely cure developmental and intellectual disabilities. Psychotropic drugs are administered for two reasons: either to better a medical condition or to prevent it from getting worse. They cannot be expected to cure a severe developmental disability or illness, but it must be remembered that this is still a giant leap from the medical treatments that were being practiced only a few decades ago. Science has been progressing at a fascinating rate, and maybe sometime soon an accurate and effective treatment for severe and sometimes debilitating developmental disabilities will be created.

Bobby Harris is a driven, experienced and knowledgeable professional within areas such as healthcare, childhood education,abuse intervention and crisis prevention; organizational leadership and intellectual / developmental disabilities.



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